making it difficult to make generalizations, or even discuss examples, without numerous caveats. For instance, the now-proverbial “wall of separation” between church and state colors all debates in the United States, yet there is no similar wall, though there are similar freedoms, in the United Kingdom. In France, the “laïcité française” is in part a function of a deeply rooted historical anticlericalism that finds no parallel, until very recently, in, say, the Scandinavian countries or the United